GM knock sensors
Rich:
There are three types of knock sensors. GM terms them as non resonant (un tuned), spike resonant, and broadband resonant.
GM chose broadband resonant sensors, and manufactures them in three overlapping frequency ranges. These are 5.2kHz, 6.0kHz, and 7.0kHz.
They chose broadband for a few reasons. Combustion temperature and engine manufacturing tolerances can change the knock frequency by several hundred Hz. In addition, it requires stocking fewer part numbers.
The above information was taken from SAE paper 900488, written by three GM knock sensor engineers, and titled Combustion Knock Sensing: Sensor Selection and Application Issues.
With just three frequencies, there are still a lot of part numbers, since the sensors are manufactured with various threads and internal load resistances.
Sensors are furnished in three different load resistances, which are 3.9k, 8.2k, or 100k.
The internal resistor must match a similar resistor inside the ESC module. These two resistors form a voltage divider, setting the quiescent sensor voltage to 2.5v. Thus, the ESC can determine if the sensor becomes either open or shorted, and the ECM will set a code.